6. Virtualización en PowerShell (nivel intermedio) | Scripting and security

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La virtualización es un conjunto de técnicas hardware y/o software que permiten abstraer hardware y/o software creando la ilusión de que se están manejando dispositivos físicos, sistemas operativos, sesiones remotas de forma transparente al usuario.

Uno de los elementos principales de la virtualización es la máquina virtual que se está formada por recursos virtuales como una BIOS, memoria, procesador, disco duro, etc., y que se utilizan como si se tratase de recursos físicos.

Máquinas virtuales

Una máquina virtual está formada por una BIOS y un conjunto de recursos hardware (memoria, procesador, disco duro virtual, etc.) que se utilizan como si fuera la maquina física. Dentro de una maquina virtual se puede instalar cualquier sistema operativo, siempre y cuando el programa para virtualizar soporte ese sistema operativo. Desde las máquinas virtuales se puede imprimir, usar los dispositivos USB, navegar por la red, etc.

Microsoft dispone de herramientas para gestionar máquinas virtuales, una de ellas es Hyper-V.

Cmdlets sobre Hyper-V

Get-Command -Module Hyper-V

1	Get-Command -Module Hyper-V

Listar hosts virtuales

Cmdlet

Get-VM

Get-VM

Parámetros y alias de los parámetros para el cmdlet

Name                {VMName}
CimSession          {}      
ComputerName        {}      
Credential          {}      
Id                  {}      
ClusterObject       {}      
Verbose             {vb}    
Debug               {db}    
ErrorAction         {ea}    
WarningAction       {wa}    
InformationAction   {infa}  
ErrorVariable       {ev}    
WarningVariable     {wv}    
InformationVariable {iv}    
OutVariable         {ov}    
OutBuffer           {ob}    
PipelineVariable    {pv}

Name {VMName}

CimSession {}

ComputerName {}

Credential {}

Id {}

ClusterObject {}

Verbose {vb}

Debug {db}

ErrorAction {ea}

WarningAction {wa}

InformationAction {infa}

ErrorVariable {ev}

WarningVariable {wv}

InformationVariable {iv}

OutVariable {ov}

OutBuffer {ob}

PipelineVariable {pv}

Para listar un host en concreto

Get-VM -Name

1	Get-VM -Name

Ejemplo

Buscar la máquina virtual VM

Get-VM -Name "VM" | Format-List *

1	Get-VM -Name "VM" \| Format-List *

Ver propiedades del host virtual

Get-VM | select *

1	Get-VM \| select *

Ejemplo

Seleccionar la propiedad nombre de la máquina y nombre del interfaz de red

Get-VM | select -ExpandProperty NetworkAdapters | Select-Object VMName,Name

1	Get-VM \| select -ExpandProperty NetworkAdapters \| Select-Object VMName,Name

Crear host virtual

Cmdlet

New-VM

New-VM

Parámetros y alias de los parámetros para el cmdlet

Name                {VMName}
MemoryStartupBytes  {}      
BootDevice          {}      
NoVHD               {}      
SwitchName          {}      
NewVHDPath          {}      
NewVHDSizeBytes     {}      
VHDPath             {}      
Path                {}      
Version             {}      
Prerelease          {}      
Experimental        {}      
Generation          {}      
Force               {}      
AsJob               {}      
CimSession          {}      
ComputerName        {}      
Credential          {}      
Verbose             {vb}    
Debug               {db}    
ErrorAction         {ea}    
WarningAction       {wa}    
InformationAction   {infa}  
ErrorVariable       {ev}    
WarningVariable     {wv}    
InformationVariable {iv}    
OutVariable         {ov}    
OutBuffer           {ob}    
PipelineVariable    {pv}    
WhatIf              {wi}    
Confirm             {cf}

Name {VMName}

MemoryStartupBytes {}

BootDevice {}

NoVHD {}

SwitchName {}

NewVHDPath {}

NewVHDSizeBytes {}

VHDPath {}

Path {}

Version {}

Prerelease {}

Experimental {}

Generation {}

Force {}

AsJob {}

CimSession {}

ComputerName {}

Credential {}

Verbose {vb}

Debug {db}

ErrorAction {ea}

WarningAction {wa}

InformationAction {infa}

ErrorVariable {ev}

WarningVariable {wv}

InformationVariable {iv}

OutVariable {ov}

OutBuffer {ob}

PipelineVariable {pv}

WhatIf {wi}

Confirm {cf}

Ejemplo

Crear una máquina virtual con la memoria virtual 512MB, disco duro de 2GB

New-VM -Name "MyNewVM" -MemoryStartupBytes 512MB -NewVHDPath "D:\MyNewVM.vhdx" -NewVHDSizeBytes 2GB

1	New-VM -Name "MyNewVM" -MemoryStartupBytes 512MB -NewVHDPath "D:\MyNewVM.vhdx" -NewVHDSizeBytes 2GB

Actualizar propiedades de la máquina virtual

Cmdlets

Set-VM 
Set-VMBios 
Set-VMComPort 
Set-VMDvdDrive 
Set-VMFibreChannelHba 
Set-VMFirmware 
Set-VMFloppyDiskDrive 
Set-VMGpuPartitionAdapter 
Set-VMHardDiskDrive 
Set-VMHost 
Set-VMHostCluster 
Set-VMKeyProtector 
Set-VMKeyStorageDrive 
Set-VMMemory 
Set-VMMigrationNetwork 
Set-VMNetworkAdapter 
Set-VMNetworkAdapterFailoverConfiguration
Set-VMNetworkAdapterIsolation 
Set-VMNetworkAdapterRdma 
Set-VMNetworkAdapterRoutingDomainMapping 
Set-VMNetworkAdapterTeamMapping 
Set-VMNetworkAdapterVlan 
Set-VMPartitionableGpu 
Set-VMProcessor 
Set-VMRemoteFx3dVideoAdapter 
Set-VMReplication 
Set-VMReplicationAuthorizationEntry 
Set-VMReplicationServer 
Set-VMResourcePool 
Set-VMSan 
Set-VMSecurity 
Set-VMSecurityPolicy 
Set-VMSwitch 
Set-VMSwitchExtensionPortFeature 
Set-VMSwitchExtensionSwitchFeature 
Set-VMSwitchTeam 
Set-VMVideo

Set-VM

Set-VMBios

Set-VMComPort

Set-VMDvdDrive

Set-VMFibreChannelHba

Set-VMFirmware

Set-VMFloppyDiskDrive

Set-VMGpuPartitionAdapter

Set-VMHardDiskDrive

Set-VMHost

Set-VMHostCluster

Set-VMKeyProtector

Set-VMKeyStorageDrive

Set-VMMemory

Set-VMMigrationNetwork

Set-VMNetworkAdapter

Set-VMNetworkAdapterFailoverConfiguration

Set-VMNetworkAdapterIsolation

Set-VMNetworkAdapterRdma

Set-VMNetworkAdapterRoutingDomainMapping

Set-VMNetworkAdapterTeamMapping

Set-VMNetworkAdapterVlan

Set-VMPartitionableGpu

Set-VMProcessor

Set-VMRemoteFx3dVideoAdapter

Set-VMReplication

Set-VMReplicationAuthorizationEntry

Set-VMReplicationServer

Set-VMResourcePool

Set-VMSan

Set-VMSecurity

Set-VMSecurityPolicy

Set-VMSwitch

Set-VMSwitchExtensionPortFeature

Set-VMSwitchExtensionSwitchFeature

Set-VMSwitchTeam

Set-VMVideo

Ejemplos

Cambiar el número de procesadores de la máquina virtual

Set-VMProcessor "MyNewVM" -Count 2

1	Set-VMProcessor "MyNewVM" -Count 2

Usar memoria dinámica en la máquina virtual

Set-VMMemory "MyNewVM" -DynamicMemoryEnabled $true

1	Set-VMMemory "MyNewVM" -DynamicMemoryEnabled $true

Arrancar máquinas virtuales

Cmdlet

Start-VM

Start-VM

Parámetros y alias de los parámetros para el cmdlet

CimSession          {}      
ComputerName        {}      
Credential          {}      
VM                  {}      
Name                {VMName}
AsJob               {}      
Passthru            {}      
Verbose             {vb}    
Debug               {db}    
ErrorAction         {ea}    
WarningAction       {wa}    
InformationAction   {infa}  
ErrorVariable       {ev}    
WarningVariable     {wv}    
InformationVariable {iv}    
OutVariable         {ov}    
OutBuffer           {ob}    
PipelineVariable    {pv}    
WhatIf              {wi}    
Confirm             {cf}

CimSession {}

ComputerName {}

Credential {}

VM {}

Name {VMName}

AsJob {}

Passthru {}

Verbose {vb}

Debug {db}

ErrorAction {ea}

WarningAction {wa}

InformationAction {infa}

ErrorVariable {ev}

WarningVariable {wv}

InformationVariable {iv}

OutVariable {ov}

OutBuffer {ob}

PipelineVariable {pv}

WhatIf {wi}

Confirm {cf}

Ejemplo

Arrancar una máquina virtual

Start-VM "MyNewVM"

1	Start-VM "MyNewVM"

Parar máquinas virtuales

Cmdlet

Stop-VM

Stop-VM

Parámetros y alias de los parámetros para el cmdlet

CimSession          {}      
ComputerName        {}      
Credential          {}      
VM                  {}      
Name                {VMName}
Save                {}      
TurnOff             {}      
Force               {}      
AsJob               {}      
Passthru            {}      
Verbose             {vb}    
Debug               {db}    
ErrorAction         {ea}    
WarningAction       {wa}    
InformationAction   {infa}  
ErrorVariable       {ev}    
WarningVariable     {wv}    
InformationVariable {iv}    
OutVariable         {ov}    
OutBuffer           {ob}    
PipelineVariable    {pv}    
WhatIf              {wi}    
Confirm             {cf}

CimSession {}

ComputerName {}

Credential {}

VM {}

Name {VMName}

Save {}

TurnOff {}

Force {}

AsJob {}

Passthru {}

Verbose {vb}

Debug {db}

ErrorAction {ea}

WarningAction {wa}

InformationAction {infa}

ErrorVariable {ev}

WarningVariable {wv}

InformationVariable {iv}

OutVariable {ov}

OutBuffer {ob}

PipelineVariable {pv}

WhatIf {wi}

Confirm {cf}

Ejemplo

Parar una máquina virtual

Stop-VM "MyNewVM"

1	Stop-VM "MyNewVM"

Crear una instantánea

Cmdlet

Checkpoint-VM

1	Checkpoint-VM

Parámetros y alias de los parámetros para el cmdlet

CimSession          {}              
ComputerName        {}              
Credential          {}              
VM                  {}              
Name                {VMName}        
SnapshotName        {CheckpointName}
AsJob               {}              
Passthru            {}              
Verbose             {vb}            
Debug               {db}            
ErrorAction         {ea}            
WarningAction       {wa}            
InformationAction   {infa}          
ErrorVariable       {ev}            
WarningVariable     {wv}            
InformationVariable {iv}            
OutVariable         {ov}            
OutBuffer           {ob}            
PipelineVariable    {pv}            
WhatIf              {wi}            
Confirm             {cf}

CimSession {}

ComputerName {}

Credential {}

VM {}

Name {VMName}

SnapshotName {CheckpointName}

AsJob {}

Passthru {}

Verbose {vb}

Debug {db}

ErrorAction {ea}

WarningAction {wa}

InformationAction {infa}

ErrorVariable {ev}

WarningVariable {wv}

InformationVariable {iv}

OutVariable {ov}

OutBuffer {ob}

PipelineVariable {pv}

WhatIf {wi}

Confirm {cf}

Ejemplo

Crear una instantánea en la máquina virtual

Get-VM OR* | Checkpoint-VM

1	Get-VM OR* \| Checkpoint-VM

Ver las instantáneas de una máquina virtual

Cmdlet

Get-VMSnapshot

1	Get-VMSnapshot

Parámetros y alias de los parámetros para el cmdlet

VMName              {}                    
VM                  {}                    
CimSession          {}                    
ComputerName        {}                    
Credential          {}                    
Id                  {}                    
Name                {}                    
ChildOf             {}                    
ParentOf            {}                    
SnapshotType        {VMRecoveryCheckpoint}
Verbose             {vb}                  
Debug               {db}                  
ErrorAction         {ea}                  
WarningAction       {wa}                  
InformationAction   {infa}                
ErrorVariable       {ev}                  
WarningVariable     {wv}                  
InformationVariable {iv}                  
OutVariable         {ov}                  
OutBuffer           {ob}                  
PipelineVariable    {pv}

VMName {}

VM {}

CimSession {}

ComputerName {}

Credential {}

Id {}

Name {}

ChildOf {}

ParentOf {}

SnapshotType {VMRecoveryCheckpoint}

Verbose {vb}

Debug {db}

ErrorAction {ea}

WarningAction {wa}

InformationAction {infa}

ErrorVariable {ev}

WarningVariable {wv}

InformationVariable {iv}

OutVariable {ov}

OutBuffer {ob}

PipelineVariable {pv}

Ejemplo

Ver las instantáneas de una máquina virtual

Get-VM "OR*" | Get-VMSnapshot

1	Get-VM "OR*" \| Get-VMSnapshot

Eliminar una máquina virtual

Cmdlet

Remove-VM

Remove-VM

Parámetros y alias de los parámetros para el cmdlet

CimSession          {}      
ComputerName        {}      
Credential          {}      
Name                {VMName}
VM                  {}      
Force               {}      
AsJob               {}      
Passthru            {}      
Verbose             {vb}    
Debug               {db}    
ErrorAction         {ea}    
WarningAction       {wa}    
InformationAction   {infa}  
ErrorVariable       {ev}    
WarningVariable     {wv}    
InformationVariable {iv}    
OutVariable         {ov}    
OutBuffer           {ob}    
PipelineVariable    {pv}    
WhatIf              {wi}    
Confirm             {cf}

CimSession {}

ComputerName {}

Credential {}

Name {VMName}

VM {}

Force {}

AsJob {}

Passthru {}

Verbose {vb}

Debug {db}

ErrorAction {ea}

WarningAction {wa}

InformationAction {infa}

ErrorVariable {ev}

WarningVariable {wv}

InformationVariable {iv}

OutVariable {ov}

OutBuffer {ob}

PipelineVariable {pv}

WhatIf {wi}

Confirm {cf}

Ejemplo

Eliminar una máquina virtual

Remove-VM "MyNewVM"

1	Remove-VM "MyNewVM"

Gestión de discos virtuales

Cmdlet

New-VHD

New-VHD

Parámetros y alias de los parámetros para el cmdlet

Path                    {}      
ParentPath              {}      
SizeBytes               {}      
SourceDisk              {Number}
Dynamic                 {}      
Fixed                   {}      
Differencing            {}      
BlockSizeBytes          {}      
LogicalSectorSizeBytes  {}      
PhysicalSectorSizeBytes {}      
AsJob                   {}      
CimSession              {}      
ComputerName            {}      
Credential              {}      
Verbose                 {vb}    
Debug                   {db}    
ErrorAction             {ea}    
WarningAction           {wa}    
InformationAction       {infa}  
ErrorVariable           {ev}    
WarningVariable         {wv}    
InformationVariable     {iv}    
OutVariable             {ov}    
OutBuffer               {ob}    
PipelineVariable        {pv}    
WhatIf                  {wi}    
Confirm                 {cf}

Path {}

ParentPath {}

SizeBytes {}

SourceDisk {Number}

Dynamic {}

Fixed {}

Differencing {}

BlockSizeBytes {}

LogicalSectorSizeBytes {}

PhysicalSectorSizeBytes {}

AsJob {}

CimSession {}

ComputerName {}

Credential {}

Verbose {vb}

Debug {db}

ErrorAction {ea}

WarningAction {wa}

InformationAction {infa}

ErrorVariable {ev}

WarningVariable {wv}

InformationVariable {iv}

OutVariable {ov}

OutBuffer {ob}

PipelineVariable {pv}

WhatIf {wi}

Confirm {cf}

Ejemplos

Crear un disco virtual de tamaño dinámico

New-VHD -Path "d:\MyNewDynamicVHDX.vhdx" -SizeBytes 127GB

1	New-VHD -Path "d:\MyNewDynamicVHDX.vhdx" -SizeBytes 127GB

Crear un disco virtual de tamaño fijo

New-VHD -Path "d:\MyNewFixedVHDX.vhdx" -Fixed -SizeBytes 20GB

1	New-VHD -Path "d:\MyNewFixedVHDX.vhdx" -Fixed -SizeBytes 20GB

Añadir un disco virtual a una máquina virtual

Cmdlet

Add-VMHardDiskDrive

1	Add-VMHardDiskDrive

Parámetros y alias de los parámetros para el cmdlet

CimSession                    {}                
ComputerName                  {PSComputerName}  
Credential                    {}                
VMName                        {}                
VM                            {}                
VMDriveController             {}                
ControllerType                {}                
ControllerNumber              {}                
ControllerLocation            {}                
Path                          {}                
DiskNumber                    {Number}          
ResourcePoolName              {}                
SupportPersistentReservations {ShareVirtualDisk}
AllowUnverifiedPaths          {}                
MaximumIOPS                   {}                
MinimumIOPS                   {}                
QoSPolicyID                   {}                
QoSPolicy                     {}                
Passthru                      {}                
OverrideCacheAttributes       {}                
Verbose                       {vb}              
Debug                         {db}              
ErrorAction                   {ea}              
WarningAction                 {wa}              
InformationAction             {infa}            
ErrorVariable                 {ev}              
WarningVariable               {wv}              
InformationVariable           {iv}              
OutVariable                   {ov}              
OutBuffer                     {ob}              
PipelineVariable              {pv}              
WhatIf                        {wi}              
Confirm                       {cf}

CimSession {}

ComputerName {PSComputerName}

Credential {}

VMName {}

VM {}

VMDriveController {}

ControllerType {}

ControllerNumber {}

ControllerLocation {}

Path {}

DiskNumber {Number}

ResourcePoolName {}

SupportPersistentReservations {ShareVirtualDisk}

AllowUnverifiedPaths {}

MaximumIOPS {}

MinimumIOPS {}

QoSPolicyID {}

QoSPolicy {}

Passthru {}

OverrideCacheAttributes {}

Verbose {vb}

Debug {db}

ErrorAction {ea}

WarningAction {wa}

InformationAction {infa}

ErrorVariable {ev}

WarningVariable {wv}

InformationVariable {iv}

OutVariable {ov}

OutBuffer {ob}

PipelineVariable {pv}

WhatIf {wi}

Confirm {cf}

Ejemplo

Añadir un disco virtual a una máquina virtual

Add-VMHardDiskDrive -VMName "MyNewVM" -Path "d:\MyNewDynamicVHDX.vhdx"

1	Add-VMHardDiskDrive -VMName "MyNewVM" -Path "d:\MyNewDynamicVHDX.vhdx"

Gestión de red virtual

Cmdlet

New-VMSwitch

1	New-VMSwitch

Parámetros y alias de los parámetros para el cmdlet

CimSession                     {}                    
ComputerName                   {PSComputerName}      
Credential                     {}                    
Name                           {SwitchName}          
SwitchType                     {}                    
AllowManagementOS              {}                    
NetAdapterName                 {InterfaceAlias}      
NetAdapterInterfaceDescription {InterfaceDescription}
Notes                          {}                    
MinimumBandwidthMode           {}                    
EnableIov                      {}                    
EnablePacketDirect             {}                    
EnableEmbeddedTeaming          {}                    
Verbose                        {vb}                  
Debug                          {db}                  
ErrorAction                    {ea}                  
WarningAction                  {wa}                  
InformationAction              {infa}                
ErrorVariable                  {ev}                  
WarningVariable                {wv}                  
InformationVariable            {iv}                  
OutVariable                    {ov}                  
OutBuffer                      {ob}                  
PipelineVariable               {pv}                  
WhatIf                         {wi}                  
Confirm                        {cf}

CimSession {}

ComputerName {PSComputerName}

Credential {}

Name {SwitchName}

SwitchType {}

AllowManagementOS {}

NetAdapterName {InterfaceAlias}

NetAdapterInterfaceDescription {InterfaceDescription}

Notes {}

MinimumBandwidthMode {}

EnableIov {}

EnablePacketDirect {}

EnableEmbeddedTeaming {}

Verbose {vb}

Debug {db}

ErrorAction {ea}

WarningAction {wa}

InformationAction {infa}

ErrorVariable {ev}

WarningVariable {wv}

InformationVariable {iv}

OutVariable {ov}

OutBuffer {ob}

PipelineVariable {pv}

WhatIf {wi}

Confirm {cf}

Ejemplo

Crear un switch virtual

New-VMSwitch "MyNewPrivateSwitch" -SwitchType Private -Notes "Private virtual switch"

1	New-VMSwitch "MyNewPrivateSwitch" -SwitchType Private -Notes "Private virtual switch"

Ver información sobre la red virtual

Cmdlet

Get-NetAdapter

1	Get-NetAdapter

Parámetros y alias de los parámetros para el cmdlet

Name                 {ifAlias, InterfaceAlias}
InterfaceDescription {ifDesc}                 
InterfaceIndex       {ifIndex}                
IncludeHidden        {}                       
Physical             {}                       
CimSession           {Session}                
ThrottleLimit        {}                       
AsJob                {}                       
Verbose              {vb}                     
Debug                {db}                     
ErrorAction          {ea}                     
WarningAction        {wa}                     
InformationAction    {infa}                   
ErrorVariable        {ev}                     
WarningVariable      {wv}                     
InformationVariable  {iv}                     
OutVariable          {ov}                     
OutBuffer            {ob}                     
PipelineVariable     {pv}

Name {ifAlias, InterfaceAlias}

InterfaceDescription {ifDesc}

InterfaceIndex {ifIndex}

IncludeHidden {}

Physical {}

CimSession {Session}

ThrottleLimit {}

AsJob {}

Verbose {vb}

Debug {db}

ErrorAction {ea}

WarningAction {wa}

InformationAction {infa}

ErrorVariable {ev}

WarningVariable {wv}

InformationVariable {iv}

OutVariable {ov}

OutBuffer {ob}

PipelineVariable {pv}

Ejemplo

Get-NetAdapter -Name * | Format-List -Property Name, InterfaceDescription, InterfaceName

1	Get-NetAdapter -Name * \| Format-List -Property Name, InterfaceDescription, InterfaceName

Máquinas virtuales

Listar hosts virtuales

Ejemplo

Ver propiedades del host virtual

Ejemplo

Crear host virtual

Ejemplo

Actualizar propiedades de la máquina virtual

Ejemplos

Arrancar máquinas virtuales

Ejemplo

Parar máquinas virtuales

Ejemplo

Crear una instantánea

Ejemplo

Ver las instantáneas de una máquina virtual

Ejemplo

Eliminar una máquina virtual

Ejemplo

Gestión de discos virtuales

Ejemplos

Añadir un disco virtual a una máquina virtual

Ejemplo

Gestión de red virtual

Ejemplo

Ver información sobre la red virtual

Ejemplo

Convert PNG to text

Realizar una redirección con JavaScript utilizando Start-Process y Google Chrome

Obtener los alias de los parámetros de un cmdlet